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# External links

This page is hosting links to external documentation and resources used by EuroAssembler project, including errata of mistakes and typos discovered during the €ASM developement.

> I cannot guarantee that the provided links will be working forever and that they wil keep the same information as they did when I was reading them. If the link is not available, searching the Internet for a few words from the resource title usually yields the functional alternative locations.

## Assembly and linking tutorials ↓

## Assembly projects ↓

## File format specifications ↓

## Instruction specifications from CPU vendors ↓

## Instruction specifications from other sources ↓

## Operating systems interfaces ↓

## Other specifications ↓

## Useful tools ↓

## ↑ Assembly and linking tutorials

### [ArtOfAsm] ↓

### [AsmTutor] ↓

### [BasicPractices] ↓

### [BitHacks] ↓

### [CPUmemory] ↓

### [Intro64asm] ↓

### [GoTools] ↓

### [GreatCode] ↓

### [GreatDebate] ↓

### [GroundUp] ↓

### [IBM360] ↓

### [Iczelion] ↓

### [Linkers] ↓

### [LinkersAirs] ↓

### [LinkersInai] ↓

### [LinuxAsmHowto] ↓

### [NASMTutorial] ↓

### [PCAssemblyLanguage] ↓

### [PICinELFSO] ↓

### [ELF_PIE+PIC] ↓

### [ELF_Nacho] ↓

### [ProgrammingOptimisation] ↓

### [Skeleton] ↓

### [SoftwareOptimisation] ↓

### [strchr] ↓

### [TeensyELF] ↓

### [UnixAsmProgramming] ↓

↑ [ArtOfAsm]: The Art Of Assembly
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: The place to learn Assembly
  Format: HTML+PDF
  Producent: Randall Hyde
  URL http://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.artofasm.com/index.html

↑ [AsmTutor]: Learn Assembly Language
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: NASM 32bit Linux assembly tutorial
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Daniel Givney
  URL https://asmtutor.com/

↑ [BasicPractices]: 40 Basic Practices in Assembly Language Programming
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Hints for MASM
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Zuoliu Ding
  URL https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/1116188/Basic-Practices-in-Assembly-Language-Programming

↑ [BitHacks]: Introduction to Low Level Bit Hacks
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Bit manipulation with bitwise instructions.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Peter
  URL https://catonmat.net/low-level-bit-hacks

↑ [CPUmemory]: What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Understanding of CPU cache.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Ulrich Drepper
  Version: 20071121
  URL https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/cpumemory.pdf

↑ [Intro64asm]: This is an introduction to x86-64 assembly language on Linux using NASM
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Assembly programming in 32bit and 64bit Windows.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Brian Steffens
  URL http://briansteffens.com/introduction-to-64-bit-assembly/

↑ [GoTools]: Programming for MS Windows in assembler
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Assembly programming in 32bit and 64bit Windows.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Jeremy Gordon
  URL http://www.godevtool.com/

↑ [GreatCode]: Write Great Code
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: A Solid Foundation in Software Engineering for Programmers
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Randall Hyde
  URL http://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/www.writegreatcode.com/index.html

↑ [GreatDebate]: The Great Debate
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Do Compilers Produce Code as Good as Humans?
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Randall Hyde
  URL http://net.pku.edu.cn/~course/cs201/2003/mirrorWebster.cs.ucr.edu/Page_asm/GreatDebate/GreatDebate.html

↑ [GroundUp]: Programming from the Ground Up Book
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Assembly programming in 32bit Linux. Book, 326 pages.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Jonathan Bartlett
  Version: 1.0 from Feb 1st, 2004
  URL http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/pgubook/

↑ [IBM360]: Programming Assembler Language on the IBM Mainframes
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Edward L. Bosworth, Ph.D.
  URL http://edwardbosworth.com/My3121Textbook/MyText3121_AFrontMatter_V03.htm

↑ [Iczelion]: Win32 Assembly Tutorials
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Iczelion
  URL http://win32assembly.programminghorizon.com/tutorials.html

↑ [Linkers]: Linkers and Loaders
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Format: HTML
  Producent: John R. Levine
  URL https://linker.iecc.com/

↑ [LinkersAirs]: Airs - Linkers
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Blog about writing linkers.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Ian Lance Taylor
  Version: 2007-08-22
  URL https://airs.com/blog/archives/38

↑ [LinkersInai]: Inai - Linkers
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Blog about writing linkers.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Ian Lance Taylor
  Version: 2007-08-22
  URL http://inai.de/documents/Linkers.pdf

↑ [LinuxAsmHowto]: Linux Assembly HOWTO
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Document describes how to program in assembly language using free programming tools.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Leo Noordergraaf
  URL http://asm.sourceforge.net/howto/Assembly-HOWTO.html

↑ [NASMTutorial]: Learn NASM Assembly
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: NASM 32bit Linux assembly tutorial
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Daniel Givney
  URL https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

↑ [PCAssemblyLanguage]: PC Assembly Language
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Number system and other concepts, C++ cooperation, NASM examples.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Paul A. Carter
  Version: November 16, 2019
  URL https://pacman128.github.io/static/pcasm-book.pdf

↑ [PICinELFSO]: ELF linking and loading
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Position Independent Code (PIC) in shared libraries.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Eli Bendersky
  Version: November 11, 2011
  URL https://eli.thegreenplace.net/tag/linkers-and-loaders

↑ [ELF_PIE+PIC]: about ELF – PIE, PIC and else
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Differences between Position Independent Code (PIC) and Position Independent Executable (PIE).
  Format: HTML
  Producent: CodyWu
  Version: November 29, 2014
  URL https://codywu2010.wordpress.com/2014/11/29/about-elf-pie-pic-and-else/

↑ [ELF_Nacho]: Executable and Linkable Format 101
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Overview of The Executable and Linkable Format.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Ignacio Sanmillan
  Version: February 7, 2018
  URL https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/executable-linkable-format-101-part1-sections-segments/

↑ [ProgrammingOptimisation]: Programming Optimization
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Program performance optimization
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Paul Hsieh
  URL http://www.azillionmonkeys.com/qed/optimize.html

↑ [Skeleton]: Skeleton of Windows programs.
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Format: ZIP
  Producent: Wayne J. Radburn
  URL http://wjradburn.com/software/

↑ [SoftwareOptimisation]: Software Optimization resources
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: An optimization guide for assembly programmers, throughputs,calling conventions.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Agner Fog
  URL https://www.agner.org/optimize/

↑ [strchr]: Low-level code optimization
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Algorithms, Assembly language, Win32 programming, Low-level code optimization.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Peter Kankowski
  URL https://www.strchr.com/

↑ [TeensyELF]: Teensy ELF executable
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: Tricks to sqeeze format ELF.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Brian Raiter
  URL https://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/software/tiny/home.html

↑ [UnixAsmProgramming]: Introduction to UNIX assembly programming
  Category: Assembly and linking tutorials
  Description: A tutorial, showing how to write a simple assembly program in several UNIX operating systems.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Leo Noordergraaf
  URL http://asm.sourceforge.net/intro/Assembly-Intro.html

## ↑ Assembly projects

### [AVRASM] ↓

### [Defuse] ↓

### [easm] ↓

### [FASM] ↓

### [GoASM] ↓

### [HLA] ↓

### [HLASM] ↓

### [JWasm] ↓

### [LASM] ↓

### [LZASM] ↓

### [MASM] ↓

### [NASM] ↓

### [NBASM] ↓

### [ONLINE] ↓

### [POASM] ↓

### [RosASM] ↓

### [Sol_ASM] ↓

### [TASM] ↓

### [UASM] ↓

### [WASM] ↓

### [YASM] ↓

### [€ASM] ↓

↑ [AVRASM]: AVR Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: AVR/Atmel microcontrollers
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Atmel Corporation
  Version: Rev.: #####X-MCU-04/2015
  URL https://www.microchip.com/webdoc/avrassembler/index.html

↑ [Defuse]: Online x86 / x64 Assembler and Disassembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Taylor defuse Hornby
  URL https://defuse.ca/online-x86-assembler.htm#disassembly2

↑ [easm]: The Win32 Epsilon Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® IA-32
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Martin
  Version: 2007
  URL http://www.asmcommunity.net/forums/topic/?id=25898

↑ [FASM]: Flat Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Tomasz Grysztar
  URL http://flatassembler.net/

↑ [GoASM]: Gordon Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Jeremy Gordon
  Version: Last update 26th August 2017
  URL http://www.godevtool.com/#assembler

↑ [HLA]: High Level Assembly
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Randall Hyde
  URL http://www.plantation-productions.com/Webster/HighLevelAsm/

↑ [HLASM]: IBM High Level Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: IBM System/360
  Format: PDF
  Producent: IBM
  Version: 8C20-1646-6 August 1970
  URL http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/360/asm/SC20-1646-6_int360asm_Aug70.pdf

↑ [JWasm]: JW Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® DOS, Linux, Windows 16-64
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Andreas Grech
  Version: v2.11 20 October 2013
  URL http://www.japheth.de/JWasm.html

↑ [LASM]: Light Macro Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® IA-32
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Tama Software Ltd.
  Version: 2.35F
  URL http://www.tamasoft.co.jp/lasm/index-e.html

↑ [LZASM]: Lazy Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® IA-32
  Producent: Stepan Polovnikov
  Version: 0.56 (6 AUG 2007)
  URL http://www.phatcode.net/downloads.php?id=308

↑ [MASM]: MASM for x64
  Category: Assembly projects
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/assembler/masm/masm-for-x64-ml64-exe?view=msvc-170

↑ [NASM]: Netwide Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Producent: Simon Tatham and Julian Hall
  Version: 2.16.03
  URL https://nasm.us/

↑ [NBASM]: NewBasic Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® IA-16/32
  Producent: Benjamin David Lunt (fys)
  Version: v00.27.14 14 March 2024
  URL https://www.fysnet.net/newbasic.htm

↑ [ONLINE]: Online x86 / x64 Assembler and Disassembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Producent: Taylor (Defuse) Hornby
  URL https://defuse.ca/online-x86-assembler.htm#disassembly2

↑ [POASM]: PO Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Producent: Pelle Orinius
  Version: 12.0 19 May 2023
  URL http://www.smorgasbordet.com/pellesc/download.htm

↑ [RosASM]: Bottom-Up Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® and IA-32
  Producent: Renè betov Tournois

↑ [Sol_ASM]: Solar Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Producent: Bogdan Valentin Ontanu
  Version: 8.0 6/7/2006
  URL http://oby.ro/sol_asm/

↑ [TASM]: Turbo Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® IA-16
  Producent: Borland International
  Version: 5
  URL http://trimtab.ca/2010/tech/tasm-5-intel-8086-turbo-assembler-download/

↑ [UASM]: U Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Description: A free MASM-compatible assembler based on JWasm.
  Producent: John Hankinson, Branislav Habus
  Version: 2.46 27 October 2022
  URL http://www.terraspace.co.uk/uasm.html

↑ [WASM]: Wolfware Assembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 8086
  Producent: Eric Tauck, Wolfware Programs
  Version: 2.01, February 1987
  URL https://wasm.in/

↑ [YASM]: The Yasm Modular Assembler Project
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32
  Producent: Peter Johnson
  Version: 1.3.0
  URL http://yasm.tortall.net/

↑ [€ASM]: EuroAssembler
  Category: Assembly projects
  Platform: Intel® 64 and IA-32, Xeon Phi™
  Producent: Pavel vitsoft Šrubař
  Version: See Download
  URL https://euroassembler.eu/

## ↑ File format specifications

### [BootSec] ↓

### [COFFlib] ↓

### [COFFRelocTypes] ↓

### [CSBU] ↓

### [ELF32] ↓

### [ELF64] ↓

### [ELF_LOADERS] ↓

### [ELF_SOLARIS] ↓

### [ELF_SO] ↓

### [GNUhash] ↓

### [MS_PECOFF] ↓

### [MZ] ↓

### [MZEXE] ↓

### [OMF] ↓

### [RC] ↓

### [RSRC] ↓

↑ [BootSec]: Boot sector
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Structure of volume boot sector and BIOS parameter block (BPB).
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc976796.aspx
  Errata

  > 1. In Table 1.10 BPB Fields for FAT32 Volumes instead of
  > 0x34 WORD 0x0600 Backup Boot Sector (FAT32 only) should be
  > 0x32 WORD 0x0600 Backup Boot Sector (FAT32 only)

  > 2. In Table 1.10 BPB Fields for FAT32 Volumes instead of
  > 0x36 12 bytes Reserved (FAT32 only) should be
  > 0x34 12 bytes Reserved (FAT32 only)

↑ [COFFlib]: Archive (Library) File Format
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Structure of COFF library file format.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680547%28v=vs.85%29.aspx?id=19509#archive__library__file_format

↑ [COFFRelocTypes]: Relocation types in COFF
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Relocation types in PFCOFF_RELOCATION objects.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/Debug/pe-format#type-indicators

↑ [CSBU]: Computer Science from the Bottom Up
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Mostly focused on *nix systems
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Ian Wienand
  URL http://bottomupcs.com

↑ [ELF32]: ELF: Executable and Linking Format (32bit)
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Relocatable/executable/shared object file structure for developers
  Format: PDF
  Version: 1.1
  URL http://www.skyfree.org/linux/references/ELF_Format.pdf

↑ [ELF64]: ELF-64 Object File Format (64bit)
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: HP/Intel definition of ELF-64 format.
  Format: PDF
  Version: 1.5 May 27, 1998
  URL https://uclibc.org/docs/elf-64-gen.pdf
  Errata

  > 1. On page 13 (9/ Note sections) instead of
  > note entries, each of which is an array of 8-byte words should be
  > note entries, each of which is an array of 4-byte words

↑ [ELF_LOADERS]: ELF Loaders, Libraries and Executables on Linux
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: How are executables (dynamically) loaded on Linux.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Daniel Trugman
  Version: March 15, 2021
  URL https://trugman-internals.com/elf-loaders-libraries-executables/

↑ [ELF_SOLARIS]: ELF: Executable and Linking Format
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Operations of the Solaris OS link-editor and runtime linker, and the objects on which these link-editors operate.
  Format: HTML
  Version: November 2011
  URL https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/819-0690/docinfo.html

↑ [ELF_SO]: How To Write Shared Libraries
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Rules and techniques to create dynamic libraries in Linux.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Ulrich Drepper
  Version: 4.1.2 Dec 10, 2011
  URL https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/m/a/1/e/dsohowto.pdf

↑ [GNUhash]: GNU Hash ELF Sections
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Description of .gnu.hash section in ELF.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Ali Bahrami
  Version: October 21, 2008
  URL https://blogs.oracle.com/solaris/gnu-hash-elf-sections-v2

↑ [MS_PECOFF]: PE & COFF
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Microsoft Portable Executable and Common Object File Format specification.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Microsoft
  Version: Rev 11, May 2017
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680547%28v=vs.85%29.aspx?id=19509

↑ [MZ]: The MZ EXE File Format
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Structure of DOS executable files.
  Format: TXT
  URL http://www.fileformat.info/format/exe/corion-mz.htm

↑ [MZEXE]: EXE Format
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Structure of DOS executable files.
  Format: TXT
  Producent: DJ Delorie
  Version: Sep 2010
  URL http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/exe/

↑ [OMF]: RELOCATABLE OBJECT MODULE FORMAT
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: Structure of OMF object files and library files.
  Format: ZIP
  Producent: Microsoft
  Version: SS0288 Revision Date: 5/92
  URL http://ftp.lanet.lv/ftp/mirror/x2ftp/msdos/programming/formats/ss0288.zip

↑ [RC]: MS Windows Resource Files
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: MS Windows resource text definition format.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380599%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

↑ [RSRC]: Win32 Binary ResourceFormats
  Category: File format specifications
  Description: MS Windows compiled resource format.
  Format: TXT
  Producent: Floyd Rogers, Microsoft
  URL https://github.com/gunmetal313/disasmbackups/blob/master/dewin19/RESFMT.TXT

## ↑ Instruction specifications from CPU vendors

### [AMDMan] ↓

### [AMDVol3] ↓

### [IntelVol3] ↓

### [IntelAVX10] ↓

### [IntelSDM2026] ↓

### [IntelMan] ↓

### [IntelSGX] ↓

### [IntelMVEX] ↓

↑ [AMDMan]: AMD Manuals download page
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: Links to AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: AMD
  URL https://support.amd.com/en-us/search/tech-docs#k=Programmer%27s%20Manual

↑ [AMDVol3]: AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 3
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: Intel basic instruction set description.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: AMD
  Version: July 2025
  URL https://docs.amd.com/v/u/en-US/24594_3.37
  Errata

  > 1. On page 3-530 Vol.2A (instruction MOV—Move) instead of
  > REX.W + 8C /r MOV r/m64,Sreg** MR Valid Valid should be
  > REX.W + 8C /r MOV r/m64,Sreg** MR Valid N.E

  > 2. On page 3-530 Vol.2A (instruction MOV—Move) instead of
  > REX.W + C7 /0 io MOV r/m64, imm32 should be
  > REX.W + C7 /0 id MOV r/m64, imm32

  > 3. On page 4-184 Vol.2B and on page 4-272 Vol.2B (instruction POP) paragraph Description incorrecly suggests that operand-size of POP and PUSH can be overriden by prefix REX.W:
  > Operand size. The D flag in the current code-segment descriptor determines the default operand size; it may be overridden by instruction prefixes (66H or REX.W). should be
  > Operand size. The D flag in the current code-segment descriptor determines the default operand size; it may be overridden by instruction prefix (66H).

↑ [IntelVol3]: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Combined Volumes 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D: System Programming Guide
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: System Programming Guide.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Intel®
  Version: Order Number: 25384-067US May 2018
  URL https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/a4/60/325384-sdm-vol-3abcd.pdf
  Errata

  > 1. On page 30-3 Vol.3C (instruction INVEPT) instead of
  > 66 0F 38 80 INVEPT r64, m128 should be
  > 66 0F 38 80 /r INVEPT r64, m128

  > 2. On page 30-3 Vol.3C (instruction INVEPT) instead of
  > 66 0F 38 80 INVEPT r32, m128 should be
  > 66 0F 38 80 /r INVEPT r32, m128

  > 3. On page 30-6 Vol.3C (instruction INVVPID) instead of
  > 66 0F 38 81 INVVPID r64, m128 should be
  > 66 0F 38 81 /r INVVPID r64, m128

  > 4. On page 30-6 Vol.3C (instruction INVVPID) instead of
  > 66 0F 38 81 INVVPID r32, m128 should be
  > 66 0F 38 81 /r INVVPID r32, m128

  > 5. On page 30-13 Vol.3C (instruction VMFUNC) instead of
  > NP 0F 01 D4 VMFUNC should be
  > 0F 01 D4 VMFUNC

  > 6. On page 30-16 Vol.3C (instruction VMPTRLD) instead of
  > NP 0F C7 /6 VMPTRLD m64 should be
  > 0F C7 /6 VMPTRLD m64

  > 7. On page 30-18 Vol.3C (instruction VMPTRST) instead of
  > NP 0F C7 /7 VMPTRST m64 should be
  > 0F C7 /7 VMPTRST m64

  > 8. On page 30-20 Vol.3C (instruction VMREAD) instead of
  > NP 0F 78 VMREAD r/m64,r64 should be
  > 0F 78 /r VMREAD r/m64,r64

  > 9. On page 30-20 Vol.3C (instruction VMREAD) instead of
  > NP 0F 78 VMREAD r/m32,r32 should be
  > 0F 78 /r VMREAD r/m32,r32

  > 10. On page 30-23 Vol.3C (instruction VMWRITE) instead of
  > NP 0F 79 VMWRITE r/m64,r64 should be
  > 0F 79 /r VMWRITE r/m64,r64

  > 11. On page 30-23 Vol.3C (instruction VMWRITE) instead of
  > NP 0F 79 VMWRITE r/m32,r32 should be
  > 0F 79 /r VMWRITE r/m32,r32

  > 12. The shortcut NP used many times in Opcode column is not explained on page 3-2 Vol.2A 3.1.1.1 Summary

↑ [IntelAVX10]: Intel® Advanced Vector Extensions10.2 Architecture Specification
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: Descriptions of AVX10 instructions
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Intel®
  Version: July 2024
  URL https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/828965/intel-advanced-vector-extensions-10-2-intel-avx10-2-architecture-specification.html

↑ [IntelSDM2026]: I64 and IA32 Architectures Software Developer Manual combined
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: Descriptions of all Intel-defined instructions
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Intel®
  Version: March 2026
  URL https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/916605/intel-64-and-ia-32-architectures-software-developer-s-manual-combined-volumes-2a-2b-2c-and-2d-instruction-set-reference-a-z.html

↑ [IntelMan]: Architectures Software Developer Manuals
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: Intel Manuals download page contains links to Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Intel®
  URL https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-sdm

↑ [IntelSGX]: Intel® Software Guard Extensions Programming Reference
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: SGX and SMX extension reference
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Intel®
  Version: October 2014

↑ [IntelMVEX]: Intel® Xeon Phi™ Coprocessor Instruction Set Architecture Reference
  Category: Instruction specifications from CPU vendors
  Description: MVEX-encodable Intel instruction set. Now outclassed with EVEX-encodable AVX-512 instructions.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: Intel®
  Version: Manual Reference Number: 327364-001 September 7, 2012
  URL https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/forum/278102/327364001en.pdf

## ↑ Instruction specifications from other sources

### [ATTsyntax] ↓

### [ATTflaws] ↓

### [Bugs86] ↓

### [D3Now] ↓

### [FCx86] ↓

### [Geode] ↓

### [LockBug] ↓

### [NasmInsns] ↓

### [ObsoleteBTS] ↓

### [OpcodesList] ↓

### [PentiumBug] ↓

### [Redundancy] ↓

### [Refx86asm] ↓

### [RoseCompiler] ↓

### [Sandpile] ↓

### [SIMD_list] ↓

### [SoftpixelSIMD] ↓

### [SOx86] ↓

↑ [ATTsyntax]: AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Sourceware.org
  URL https://www.sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.12/as.info/i386-Syntax.html

↑ [ATTflaws]: What I Dislike About GAS
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Drawback of AT&T assembly language syntax.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Karel mazegen Lejska
  Version: 2007-09-29
  URL http://x86asm.net/articles/what-i-dislike-about-gas/index.html

↑ [Bugs86]: 86BUGS.LST
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Undocumented and buggy instructions of the Intel 80x86 family of processors.
  Format: TXT
  Producent: Harald Feldmann
  Version: Last Change 7/17/93.Revision 1.0
  URL https://textfiles.meulie.net/computers/86bugs.lst

↑ [D3Now]: 3DNow!
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Enhancement to the MMX instruction set by AMD, now obsolete.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Wikipedia
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3DNow%21

↑ [FCx86]: x86 Instruction Set Reference
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: x86 instructions converted from PDF to HTML format.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Felix zneak Cloutier
  URL http://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/

↑ [Geode]: Geode instruction set
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Wikipedia
  URL http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Geode_instruction_set

↑ [LockBug]: LOCK prefix bug
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: LOCK prefix encoded by masm to an invalid instruction.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/738878

↑ [NasmInsns]: Table of instructions for the Netwide Assembler
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Structured reference and features of x86-64 instructions.
  Format: TXT
  Producent: The NASM Authors
  URL https://github.com/ncoden/NASM/blob/master/insns.dat

↑ [ObsoleteBTS]: Obsolete 80386 Instructions
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Information on the 80386 opcodes (IBTS and XBTS) that were removed from the 80386 as of the B1 stepping.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Jeff Parsons
  URL https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/intel/80386/ibts_xbts/

↑ [OpcodesList]: Instruction opcodes
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Incomplete opcode list, including a few obsolete and undocumented instructions.
  Format: TXT
  Producent: InternetNightmare
  URL http://asm.inightmare.org/opcodelst/index.php

↑ [PentiumBug]: Pentium F00F Bug
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: The Intel Pentium F00F Bug: Description and Workarounds.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Robert R. Collins
  URL http://www.rcollins.org/Errata/Dec97/F00FBug.html

↑ [Redundancy]: Redundancy of x86 Machine Code
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Peter Kankowski
  URL https://www.strchr.com/machine_code_redundancy

↑ [Refx86asm]: x86-64 Opcode and Instruction Reference
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Structured reference and encoding of x86-64 instructions.
  Format: XML
  Producent: Karel mazegen Lejska
  URL http://ref.x86asm.net/

↑ [RoseCompiler]: Undocumented instructions
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Format: TXT
  Producent: ROSE
  URL https://github.com/rose-compiler/rose/blob/master/src/frontend/Disassemblers/ExtraInstructions.txt

↑ [Sandpile]: x86 processor technical information.
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Encoding of x86 instructions.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Christian Ludloff
  URL http://www.sandpile.org/

↑ [SIMD_list]: x86/x64 SIMD Instruction List (SSE to AVX512)
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: This document is intended that you can find the correct instruction name that you are not sure of, and make it possible to search in the manuals.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: fearless https://masm32.com/board/index.php?action=profile;u=17
  URL https://www.officedaytime.com/simd512e/

↑ [SoftpixelSIMD]: SIMD Instruction Sets
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Single Instruction Multiple Data SSE4.2, AVX, AES
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Christopher Wright
  URL http://softpixel.com/~cwright/programming/simd/

↑ [SOx86]: x86 tag on StackOverflow
  Category: Instruction specifications from other sources
  Description: Signpost to many useful resources concerning x86-64 assembly.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Kyle Cronin
  URL https://stackoverflow.com/tags/x86/info

## ↑ Operating systems interfaces

### [CallingConv] ↓

### [CPUmodes] ↓

### [DosDriver] ↓

### [TechHelp] ↓

### [IntList] ↓

### [LinMan] ↓

### [LinManSyscall] ↓

### [LinSyscall32] ↓

### [LinSyscall64] ↓

### [LinSyscall64S] ↓

### [LinSysCallsGuide] ↓

### [SystemV] ↓

### [WindowsAPI] ↓

### [WinAPIref] ↓

### [WinABI64] ↓

### [MSx64Conv] ↓

### [VectorConv] ↓

### [WindowsSDK] ↓

### [WinDllSearchOrder] ↓

### [LinDllSearchOrder] ↓

↑ [CallingConv]: x86 calling conventions
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Format: HTML
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_calling_conventions

↑ [CPUmodes]: The Real, Protected, Long mode assembly tutorial for PCs
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Michael Chourdakis
  URL https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/1273844/The-Intel-Assembly-Manual-3

↑ [DosDriver]: Writing MS-DOS Device Drivers
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Format of drivers in DOS.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Marcus Johnson
  Version: December 01, 1990
  URL http://www.drdobbs.com/writing-ms-dos-device-drivers/184402277

↑ [TechHelp]: Tech Help!
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Reference of BIOS+DOS services and structures.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Dan Rollins
  URL http://www.techhelpmanual.com

↑ [IntList]: Interrupt List
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Reference of BIOS+DOS services invoked by INT.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Ralph Brown
  URL http://www.ctyme.com/intr/int.htm

↑ [LinMan]: Linux Man pages online
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Manual to Linux commands.
  Format: HTML
  URL http://man.he.net/

↑ [LinManSyscall]: Linux system calls
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Description of Ubuntu system calls.
  Format: HTML
  Version: 2017-09-25
  URL http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/cosmic/man2/syscalls.2.html

↑ [LinSyscall32]: Linux Syscall Reference (32 bit)
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Reference 32bit Linux kernel functions.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Paolo Stivanin
  URL https://syscalls32.paolostivanin.com/

↑ [LinSyscall64]: Linux Syscall 64bit Reference for x86-64
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Reference 64bit Linux kernel functions.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Ryan A. Chapman
  URL http://blog.rchapman.org/posts/Linux_System_Call_Table_for_x86_64/

↑ [LinSyscall64S]: Searchable Linux Syscall Table for x86 and x86_64
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Linux kernel functions table with link to source text.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Filippo Valsorda
  URL https://filippo.io/linux-syscall-table/

↑ [LinSysCallsGuide]: The Definitive Guide to Linux System Calls
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: This blog post explains how Linux programs call functions in the Linux kernel.
  Format: HTML
  URL https://blog.packagecloud.io/eng/2016/04/05/the-definitive-guide-to-linux-system-calls/

↑ [SystemV]: System V ABI AMD64 Architecture Processor Supplement
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Implementation of C programming interface on AMD64 architecture.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: H.J. Lu, Michael Matz, Milind Girkar, Jan Hubicka, Andreas Jaeger, Mark Mitchell
  Version: 1.0 January 28, 2018
  URL https://github.com/hjl-tools/x86-psABI/wiki/x86-64-psABI-1.0.pdf

↑ [WindowsAPI]: Windows API Index
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Reference of Windows Application Programming Interface functions.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ff818516%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

↑ [WinAPIref]: Windows API Reference: Functions
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Aplhabetical references of Windows API functions.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Paul Kuliniewicz
  URL http://www.jasinskionline.com/windowsapi/ref/funca.html

↑ [WinABI64]: x64 Application Binary Interface
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: MS implementation of 64bit calling convention.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms235286.aspx

↑ [MSx64Conv]: Microsoft x64 calling convention
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: MS implementation of 64bit calling convention.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_calling_conventions#Microsoft_x64_calling_convention

↑ [VectorConv]: Microsoft vector calling convention
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Introducing of 'Vector calling convention'.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vcblog/2013/07/11/introducing-vector-calling-convention/

↑ [WindowsSDK]: Windows SDK archive
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Software Developer Kit for MS Windows.
  Format: Executable installer
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/downloads/sdk-archive

↑ [WinDllSearchOrder]: Dynamic-Link Library Search Order
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Rules how MS Windows searches for the DLL.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms682586%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

↑ [LinDllSearchOrder]: Dynamic-Link Library Search Order
  Category: Operating systems interfaces
  Description: Rules how Linux searches for the shared object.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: GNU
  URL https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld.so.8.html

## ↑ Other specifications

### [ANSIescape] ↓

### [ANSIcontrols] ↓

### [CodePageIANA] ↓

### [CodePageMS] ↓

### [CodePageIBM] ↓

### [Golfing_tips] ↓

### [IEEE754] ↓

### [Modulo] ↓

### [Primality] ↓

### [PSP] ↓

### [RFC1321] ↓

### [ShellSort] ↓

### [ShortCode] ↓

### [Unicode] ↓

### [UniCodePoint] ↓

### [UTF8] ↓

### [UTF16] ↓

### [UTF32] ↓

↑ [ANSIescape]: ANSI escape code
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: History and definition of ANSI escape codes.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Wikipedia
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code

↑ [ANSIcontrols]: ANSI XTerm Control Sequences
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Control codes and definitions.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Edward May
  URL https://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html

↑ [CodePageIANA]: Character Set names
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Official names for character sets. See also RFC2978.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: IANA
  Version: 2013-12-20
  URL http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml

↑ [CodePageMS]: Code Page Identifiers
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Numeric identifiers and names used in Microsft products.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd317756%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

↑ [CodePageIBM]: Code Page Identifiers
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Numeric identifiers and names used in IBM products.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: IBM
  URL https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid_registered.html

↑ [Golfing_tips]: Tips for golfing in x86/x64 machine code
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Tips how to write a short code.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Peter Cordes
  Version: May 18 2008
  URL https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/132981/tips-for-golfing-in-x86-x64-machine-code

↑ [IEEE754]: Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Representation of numbers in computing.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: IEEE
  Version: August 2008
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_floating_point

↑ [Modulo]: Modulo operation
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Description of the modulo operation.
  Format: HTML
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation

↑ [Primality]: Primality test
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: An algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime.
  Format: HTML
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primality_test

↑ [PSP]: Program Segment Prefix
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: A data structure used in DOS systems to store the state of a program.
  Format: HTML
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Segment_Prefix

↑ [RFC1321]: The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
  Category: Other specifications
  Format: TXT,PDF
  Version: April 1992
  URL http://www.rfc-base.org/rfc-1321.html

↑ [ShellSort]: Shell sort algorithm description.
  Category: Other specifications
  Format: HTML
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellsort

↑ [ShortCode]: Tips for golfing
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: How to optimize your code for size.
  Format: HTML
  URL https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/132981/tips-for-golfing-in-x86-x64-machine-code

↑ [Unicode]: Unicode Character Code Charts
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Code and Glyphs of Unicode characters.
  Format: PDF
  Producent: The Unicode Consortium
  Version: 10.0
  URL http://www.unicode.org/charts/

↑ [UniCodePoint]: Unicode Character Search
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Properties of Unicode characters.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: FileFormat,Info
  URL http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm

↑ [UTF8]: UTF-8 characters encoding
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Algorithm and history of UTF-8 characters encoding.
  Format: HTML
  Producent: Ken Thompson and Rob Pike
  Version: 10.0
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8

↑ [UTF16]: UTF-16 characters encoding
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Algorithm and history of UTF-16 characters encoding.
  Format: HTML
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16

↑ [UTF32]: UTF-32 characters encoding
  Category: Other specifications
  Description: Algorithm and history of UTF-32 characters encoding.
  Format: HTML
  URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16

## ↑ Useful tools

### [ALIB] ↓

### [ALINK] ↓

### [gdb] ↓

### [GoRC] ↓

### [MS_RC] ↓

### [ODU] ↓

### [OllyDbg] ↓

### [PEview] ↓

### [PSPad] ↓

### [ResourceHacker] ↓

### [TDUMP] ↓

### [x64dbg] ↓

### [WinDBG] ↓

↑ [ALIB]: A-Librarian
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: Creates import OMF library from a DLL.
  Producent: Anthony A.J.Williams
  Version: v1.1
  URL http://alink.sourceforge.net/download.html

↑ [ALINK]: A-Linker
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: Creates executable files COM, MZ, PE from object OMF, COFF, LIB, RSRC.
  Producent: Anthony A.J.Williams
  Version: v1.6
  URL http://alink.sourceforge.net/download.html

↑ [gdb]: gdb Help
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: More useful commands for assembly language debugging.
  Producent: Richard Chang
  Version: Spring 2013
  URL https://userpages.cs.umbc.edu/chang/cs313/gdb_help.shtml

↑ [GoRC]: Gordon Resource Compiler
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: A tool used to create RES and COFF files from resource script RC.
  Producent: Jeremy Gordon
  Version: 1.0.2.0
  URL http://www.godevtool.com/#rc

↑ [MS_RC]: Microsoft Resource Compiler
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: A tool used in building Windows-based applications.
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa381042(v=vs.85).aspx

↑ [ODU]: Object dumper
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: User-friendly viewer of OMF and LIBOMF files.
  Producent: V2.00 01-03-1996
  Version: v1.6

↑ [OllyDbg]: OllyDbg
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: Debugger for 32bit PE,MZ,COM files.
  Producent: Oleh Yuschuk
  Version: 1.10
  URL http://www.ollydbg.de/

↑ [PEview]: PEview
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: User-friendly viewer of COFF, LIBCOF, PE files.
  Producent: Wayne J. Radburn
  Version: 0.9.9
  URL http://wjradburn.com/software/

↑ [PSPad]: PSPad
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: A freeware text editor with UTF-8 support and syntax highlight.
  Producent: Jan Fiala
  URL http://www.pspad.com/

↑ [ResourceHacker]: Resource Hacker™
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: A complete resource editing tool for both 32bit and 64bit Windows executables.
  Producent: Angus Johnson
  URL http://www.angusj.com/resourcehacker/

↑ [TDUMP]: Turbo Dump
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: User-friendly viewer of OMF,LIBOMF,MZ,NE,BIN files.
  Producent: Borland International
  Version: v2.0
  URL http://trimtab.ca/2010/tech/tasm-5-intel-8086-turbo-assembler-download/

↑ [x64dbg]: An open-source x64/x32 debugger for Windows
  Category: Useful tools
  Producent: Duncan Ogilvie
  URL https://x64dbg.com/

↑ [WinDBG]: Windows Debuggers
  Category: Useful tools
  Description: Debuggers for 32bit and 64bit Windows programs.
  Producent: Microsoft
  URL http://codemachine.com/downloads.html

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